Between brackets is the number of accepted species
1 Click on "-" to collapse/hide all child taxa
2 Shows the number of accepted species within the taxon
3 The last expanded taxon is highlighted
4 Click on "+" to expand/show all child taxa
5 Click to see the taxon details page
- Biota
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Archaea
- Kingdom Bacteria
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Phylum Acritarcha †
- Phylum Algae (awaiting allocation)
- Phylum Algae incertae sedis
- Phylum Anthocerotophyta
- Phylum Bryophyta
- Phylum Calcitarcha †
- Phylum Charophyta
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Phylum Eophyta †
- Phylum Glaucophyta
- Phylum Gymnospermophyta accepted as Tracheophyta
- Phylum Horneophyta †
- Phylum Magnoliophyta accepted as Tracheophyta
- Phylum Marchantiophyta
- Phylum Picozoa
- Phylum Plantae (awaiting allocation)
- Phylum Prasinodermatophyta
- Phylum Pteridophyta accepted as Tracheophyta
- Phylum Rhodelphidia
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Phylum Sporae dispersae †
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Subdivision Lycopodiophytina
- Subdivision Polypodiophytina
- Subdivision Spermatophytina
- Superclass Angiospermae
- Class Liliopsida accepted as Magnoliopsida
- Class Magnoliopsida
- Order Acorales
- Order Adoxales accepted as Dipsacales
- Order Alismatales
- Order Alstroemeriales accepted as Liliales
- Order Amaryllidales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Amborellales
- Order Apiales
- Order Apocynales accepted as Gentianales
- Order Aquifoliales
- Order Arales accepted as Alismatales
- Order Araliales accepted as Apiales
- Order Aralidiales accepted as Apiales
- Order Arecales
- Order Aristolochiales accepted as Piperales
- Order Asparagales
- Order Asterales
- Order Aucubales accepted as Garryales
- Order Austrobaileyales
- Order Balanophorales accepted as Santalales
- Order Batales accepted as Brassicales
- Order Begoniales accepted as Cucurbitales
- Order Berberidales accepted as Ranunculales
- Order Berberidopsidales
- Order Biebersteiniales accepted as Sapindales
- Order Boraginales
- Order Brassicales
- Order Brexiales accepted as Celastrales
- Order Bromeliales accepted as Poales
- Order Bruniales
- Order Burmanniales accepted as Dioscoreales
- Order Burserales accepted as Sapindales
- Order Buxales
- Order Callitrichales accepted as Lamiales
- Order Calycerales accepted as Asterales
- Order Campanulales accepted as Asterales
- Order Canellales
- Order Capparales accepted as Brassicales
- Order Caryophyllales
- Family Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, 1934
- Family Agdestidaceae Nakai, 1942 accepted as Sarcobataceae Behnke, 1997
- Family Aizoaceae Martinov, 1820
- Family Amaranthaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler, 2010
- Family Ancistrocladaceae Planchon ex Walpers, 1851
- Family Asteropeiaceae Takhtajan ex Reveal & Hoogland, 1990
- Family Barbeuiaceae Nakai, 1942
- Family Basellaceae Rafinesque, 1837
- Family Cactaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Caryophyllaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Genus Acanthonychia (A.P. de Candolle) Rohrbach in C.F.P. Martius, 1872 accepted as Cardionema A.P. de Candolle, 1828
- Genus Acanthophyllum C.A. Meyer, 1831
- Genus Achyronychia J. Torrey & A. Gray, 1868
- Genus Adenarium Rafinesque, 1818
- Genus Adenonema Bunge, 1835
- Genus Agrostemma Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Alifiola Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Allochrusa Bunge ex Boissier, 1867
- Genus Alsinanthe (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Alsinanthus Desvaux, 1816
- Genus Alsine Linnaeus, 1753 accepted as Stellaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Alsine J. Gaertner accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Alsinella J. Hill, 1756
- Genus Alsinella Moench, 1794
- Genus Alsinella S.F. Gray, 1821
- Genus Alsinidendron H. Mann, 1866 accepted as Schiedea Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1826
- Genus Alsinites Cockerell, 1925 †
- Genus Alsinopsis J.K. Small, 1903 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Alsinula J. Dostál, 1984
- Genus Ammodenia E.L.M. Patrin ex J.G. Gmelin, 1769
- Genus Ammonalia Desvaux, 1816
- Genus Ankyropetalum Fenzl, 1843 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Anotites E.L. Greene, 1905
- Genus Anthyllis Adanson, 1763
- Genus Anychia A. Michaux, 1803 accepted as Paronychia P. Miller, 1754
- Genus Anychiastrum J.K. Small, 1903
- Genus Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Arenaria Adanson, 1763
- Genus Argyrocoma Rafinesque, 1838
- Genus Arrostia Rafinesque, 1810
- Genus Arversia Cambessèdes in A.F.C.P. Saint-Hilaire, 1830
- Genus Atocion Adanson, 1763
- Genus Augustea D. Iamonico, 2015
- Genus Aylmeria C.F.P. Martius, 1825
- Genus Balardia Cambessèdes in A.C.P. Saint-Hilaire, 1827
- Genus Balkana H. Madhani & S. Zarre in Madhani et al., 2018
- Genus Ballarion Rafinesque, 1818
- Genus Banffya Baumgarten, 1816 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Baretia M.E. Timaná, 2023
- Genus Behen Moench, 1794 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Behenantha (Otth) Schur, 1877
- Genus Bergeretia Bubani, 1901
- Genus Bigelowia Rafinesque, 1817
- Genus Bolanthus (Seringe) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Bolbosaponaria Bondarenko, 1971 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Bootia Necker, 1768
- Genus Brachystemma D. Don, 1825
- Genus Brewerina A. Gray, 1873 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Bryomorpha Karelin & Kirilow, 1842
- Genus Bryopsis C.F. Reiche, 1895
- Genus Buda Adanson, 1763 accepted as Spergularia (Persoon) J.S. Presl & K.B. Presl, 1819
- Genus Bufonia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Buinalis Rafinesque, 1838
- Genus Calycotropis Turczaninow, 1862 accepted as Polycarpaea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Cardionema A.P. de Candolle, 1828
- Genus Carpantholithes H.R. Göppert, 1837 †
- Genus Carpophora Klotzsch, 1862
- Genus Caryophylloflora G.J. Jordan & M.K. Macphail, 2003 †
- Genus Caryophyllus P. Miller, 1754 accepted as Dianthus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Centunculus Adanson, 1763
- Genus Cerastium Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Ceratonychia Edgeworth, 1847
- Genus Cerdia A.P. de Candolle, 1828
- Genus Cernohorskya A. Löve & D. Löve, 1974 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Cervaria Linnaeus, 1787
- Genus Chaetonychia (A.P. de Candolle) Sweet, 1839
- Genus Charesia Busch, 1926 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Cheiropetalum E.M. Fries ex Schlechtendal, 1859
- Genus Cherleria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Chetropis Rafinesque, 1837
- Genus Coccyganthe (H.G.L. Reichenbach) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1837
- Genus Colobanthus Bartling, 1830
- Genus Cometes Linnaeus, 1767
- Genus Conosilene (Rohrbach) Fourreau, 1868
- Genus Corion J. Mitchell, 1769
- Genus Coromelandrium P. Ascherson & P. Graebner, 1920
- Genus Coromelandrum K.O.R.P.P. Graebner, 1920 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Coromelandryum P. Ascherson & P. Graebner, 1920
- Genus Coronaria Guettard, 1754 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Corone (Hoffmannsegg ex H.G.L. Reichenbach) Fourreau, 1868
- Genus Corrigiola Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Corrigiola O. Kuntze, 1891
- Genus Cucubalites H.R. Göppert, 1837 †
- Genus Cucubalus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Cyathophylla G. Bocquet & A. Strid in A. Strid, 1986
- Genus Cylichnanthus Dulac, 1867
- Genus Dadjoua A. Parsa, 1960
- Genus Delia Dumortier, 1827
- Genus Dianthella Clauson ex Pomel, 1860 accepted as Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link, 1831
- Genus Dianthus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Diaphanoptera Rechinger f., 1940 accepted as Acanthophyllum C.A. Meyer, 1831
- Genus Dicheranthus Webb, 1846
- Genus Dichodon (Bartling ex H.G.L. Reichenbach) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Dichoglottis F.E.L. Fischer & C.A. Meyer, 1835 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Dicranilla (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Diplogama Opiz, 1852
- Genus Ditoca Banks ex J. Gaertner, 1791
- Genus Doerriena Borkhausen, 1793
- Genus Dolophragma Fenzl, 1836
- Genus Drudea Grisebach, 1879
- Genus Drymaria J.A. Schultes in J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes, 1819
- Genus Drypis Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Dufourea Grenier, 1827
- Genus Ebraxis Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Elisanthe (Endlicher) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Engellaria D. Iamonico, 2021
- Genus Eremogone Fenzl, 1833
- Species Eremogone aculeata (S. Wats.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria aculeata S. Wats.
- Species Eremogone americana (Maguire) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria capillaris Poir.
- Species Eremogone capillaris (Poir.) Fenzl accepted as Arenaria capillaris Poir.
- Species Eremogone congesta (Nutt.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria congesta Nutt.
- Species Eremogone eastwoodiae (Rydb.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria eastwoodiae Rydb.
- Species Eremogone fendleri (Gray) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria fendleri Gray
- Species Eremogone hookeri (Nutt.) W.A. Weber accepted as Arenaria hookeri Nutt.
- Species Eremogone kingii (S. Wats.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria kingii (S. Wats.) M.E. Jones
- Species Eremogone macradenia (S. Wats.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria macradenia S. Wats.
- Species Eremogone parishiorum (B.L. Robins.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria macradenia S. Wats.
- Species Eremogone pumicola (Coville & Leib.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria pumicola Coville & Leib.
- Species Eremogone stenomeres (Eastw.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria stenomeres Eastw.
- Species Eremogone ursina (B.L. Robins.) S. Ikonnikov accepted as Arenaria ursina B.L. Robins.
- Genus Eremolithia Jepson, 1915
- Genus Esmarchia H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1830
- Genus Eudianthe (H.G.L. Reichenbach) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Euthalia (Fenzl) F.J. Ruprecht, 1869
- Genus Evactoma Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Exemix Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Facchinia H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Fasciculus Dulac, 1867
- Genus Ferriera Bubani, 1901
- Genus Fiedleria H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1844
- Genus Fimbripetalum (Turczaninow) S.S. Ikonnikov, 1977 accepted as Stellaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Flox Adanson, 1763
- Genus Forcipella J.K. Small, 1898
- Genus Furera Bubani, 1901
- Genus Gastrocalyx B.K. Schischkin, 1919 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Gastrolychnis (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Gastronychia J.K. Small, 1933
- Genus Geocapron accepted as Geocarpon Mackenzie, 1914
- Genus Geocarpon Mackenzie, 1914
- Genus Gibbesia J.K. Small, 1898
- Genus Githago Adanson, 1763
- Genus Gooringia F.N. Williams, 1897 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Gouffeia Robillard & Castagne ex Lamarck & A.P. de Candolle, 1815 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Graecobolanthus H. Madhani & R. Rabeler in Madhani et al., 2018 accepted as Bolanthus (Seringe) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Greniera J. Gay, 1845 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Guerezia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Gymnocarpos Forsskål, 1775
- Genus Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Gypsophiloides M. Mahdavi Ortakand & M. Assadi, 2023
- Genus Gypsophytum Adanson, 1763
- Genus Habrosia Fenzl, 1843
- Genus Hafunia Chiovenda, 1929 accepted as Sphaerocoma T. Anderson, 1861
- Genus Hagaea Ventenat, 1799
- Genus Hagenia Moench, 1794
- Genus Halianthus E.M. Fries, 1818
- Genus Hantsia M.E.J. Chandler, 1960 †
- Genus Hapalosia Wallich ex R. Wight & Arnott, 1834
- Genus Hartmaniella M.L. Zhang & R.K. Rabeler, 2017
- Genus Haya I.B. Balfour, 1884
- Genus Hedona Loureiro, 1790
- Genus Heliosperma (H.G.L. Reichenbach) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Herniaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Hesperostellaria G. Yao, B. Xue & Z. Song in Xue et al., 2023
- Genus Heterochiton Graebner & Mattfeld in Ascherson & Graebner, 1919
- Genus Heterochroa Bunge in Ledebour, 1830
- Genus Himgiria P.K. Pusalkar & D.K. Singh, 2015
- Genus Holosteum Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Honckenya J.F. Ehrhart, 1783
- Genus Honkenya J.F. Ehrhart, 1788 accepted as Honckenya J.F. Ehrhart, 1783
- Genus Hylebia (W.D.J. Koch) Fourreau, 1868
- Genus Hymenella A.P. de Candolle, 1824 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Illecebrella O. Kuntze, 1898
- Genus Illecebrum Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Imperatia Moench, 1794
- Genus Ixoca Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Ixocaulon Rafinesque, 1834
- Genus Jordania Boissier & Heldreich in Boissier, 1849
- Genus Kabulia Bor & C.E.C. Fischer, 1939
- Genus Kaleria Adanson, 1763
- Genus Katarsis Medikus, 1787
- Genus Knavel Séguier, 1754
- Genus Kohlrauschia Kunth, 1838 accepted as Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link, 1831
- Genus Krascheninikovia Turczaninow ex Fenzl in Endlicher, 1840 accepted as Pseudostellaria Pax in Engler & Prantl, 1934
- Genus Krauseola Pax & K. Hoffmann in Engler & Prantl, 1934
- Genus Kuhitangia P.N. Ovczinnikov, 1967 accepted as Acanthophyllum C.A. Meyer, 1831
- Genus Lahaya J.A. Schultes in J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes, 1819
- Genus Lanaria Adanson, 1763
- Genus Larbrea A.F.C.P. Saint-Hilaire, 1815
- Genus Lepigonum (E.M. Fries) Wahlberg, 1820
- Genus Lepyrodiclis Fenzl in Endlicher, 1840
- Genus Leucodonium (H.G.L. Reichenbach) Opiz, 1852 accepted as Cerastium Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Leucostemma Bentham ex G. Don, 1831
- Genus Lidia Á. Löve & D. Löve, 1976 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Liponeurum H.W. Schott, Nymann & Kotschy, 1854
- Genus Lochia I.B. Balfour, 1884 accepted as Gymnocarpos Forsskål, 1775
- Genus Loeflingia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Louichea L'Héritier de Brutelle, 1791
- Genus Lychnanthos S.G. Gmelin, 1770
- Genus Lychnicucubalus I.T. Koelreuter, 1775 accepted as Lychni-cucubalus I.T. Koelreuter, 1775
- Genus Lychni-cucubalus I.T. Koelreuter, 1775
- Genus Lychnis Linnaeus, 1753 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Lychnisilene R. Ciferri & V. Giacomini, 1954
- Genus Maguirellaria D. Iamonico, 2023
- Genus Malachia E.M. Fries, 1818
- Genus Malachium E.M. Fries ex H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1832
- Genus Mcneillia M.S. Dillenberger & J.W. Kadereit, 2014
- Genus Meerburgia Moench, 1802
- Genus Melandrium Röhling, 1812 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Melandryum H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1837 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Melargyra Rafinesque, 1837
- Genus Merckia Fischer ex Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1826
- Genus Merophragma Dulac, 1867
- Genus Mesostemma A.I. Vvedensky in V.P. Botschantzev & A.I. Vvedensky, 1941
- Genus Meyera Adanson, 1763
- Genus Micropetalon Persoon, 1805 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Micropetalum K.P.J. Sprengel, 1817 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Microphyes R.A. Philippi, 1860
- Genus Minjaevia N.N. Tzvelev, 2001
- Genus Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Minuartiella M.S. Dillenberger & J.W. Kadereit, 2014
- Genus Minuopsis W.A. Weber, 1989 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Mniarum J.R. Forster & J.G.A. Forster, 1775 accepted as Scleranthus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Moehringella (Franchet) H. Neumayer, 1923
- Genus Moehringia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Moenchia J.F. Ehrhart, 1783
- Genus Mollia Willdenow, 1803
- Genus Mollugophytum M.E. Jones, 1933-1935
- Genus Mononeuria H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Mosina Adanson, 1763
- Genus Myosanthus Desvaux, 1816
- Genus Myosotis Moench, 1794
- Genus Myosotis P. Miller, 1754
- Genus Myosoton Moench, 1794
- Genus Nanosilene (Otth ex Seringe) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Neckeria J.F. Gmelin, 1791
- Genus Neoussuria N.N. Tzvelev, 2002
- Genus Neumayera H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Nubelaria M.T. Sharples & E. Tripp, 2019
- Genus Nyachia Small, 1925 accepted as Paronychia P. Miller, 1754
- Genus Oberna Adanson, 1763
- Genus Ochotonophila Gilli, 1956
- Genus Odontonychia J.K. Small, 1903
- Genus Odontostemma Bentham ex G. Don, 1831
- Genus Oncerum Dulac, 1867
- Genus Ortega Linnaeus, 1753 accepted as Ortegia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Ortegia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Otites Adanson, 1763
- Genus Paronychia J. Hill, 1756
- Genus Paronychia P. Miller, 1754
- Genus Pentacaena Bartling in K.B. Presl, 1831 accepted as Cardionema A.P. de Candolle, 1828
- Genus Pentaple H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Pentastemonodiscus K.H. Rechinger, 1965
- Genus Periandra Cambessèdes in Jacquemont, 1841-1843
- Genus Petroana H. Madhani & S. Zarre in Madhani et al., 2018
- Genus Petrocoma Ruprecht, 1869
- Genus Petrocoptis A. Braun ex Endlicher, 1842
- Genus Petrophagia accepted as Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link, 1831
- Genus Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link, 1831
- Genus Pettera H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Phaloe B.C. Dumortier, 1827
- Genus Philippiella Spegazzini, 1897
- Genus Phlebanthe H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Phlebanthia H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Phryna (Boissier) Pax & K. Hoffmann in Engler & Prantl, 1934 accepted as Phrynella Pax & K. Hoffmann in Engler & Prantl, 1934
- Genus Phrynella Pax & K. Hoffmann in Engler & Prantl, 1934
- Genus Physocarpon Necker ex Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Physolychnis (Bentham) Ruprecht, 1869 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Pinosia Urban, 1930
- Genus Pirinia M. Král, 1984
- Genus Plagidia Rafinesque, 1838
- Genus Pleconax Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Pleioneura K.H. Rechinger, 1951 accepted as Saponaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Pleiosepalum C.E. Moss, 1931
- Genus Plettkea Mattfeld, 1934
- Genus Plinthine (H.G.L. Reichenbach) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1837
- Genus Plottzia Arnott in Lindley, 1836
- Genus Polia Loureiro, 1790 accepted as Polycarpaea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Pollichia W. Aiton, 1789
- Genus Polycarpaea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Polycarpea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Polycarpon Loefling ex Linnaeus, 1759
- Genus Polygonifolia Fabricius, 1759
- Genus Polyschemone Schott, Nymann & Kotschy, 1854
- Genus Polytepalum Suessenguth & Beyerle, 1938
- Genus Pontinia Fries, 1843
- Genus Porphyrantha (Endlicher) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Porsildia Á. Löve & D. Löve, 1976 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Prevotia Adanson, 1763
- Genus Proteinia (Seringe) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Provancheria B. Boivin, 1967 accepted as Cerastium Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Provencheria B. Boivin, 1966 accepted as Provancheria B. Boivin, 1967
- Genus Psammanthe H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Psammophila Fourreau ex S.S. Ikonnikov, 1971 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Psammophiliella S.S. Ikonnikov, 1976 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Psammosilene W.C. Wu & C.Y. Wu in L.P. King et al., 1945
- Genus Pseudocerastium C.Y. Wu, X.H. Guo & X.P. Zhang in X.P. Zhang & X.H. Guo, 1998
- Genus Pseudocherleria M.S. Dillenberger & J.W. Kadereit, 2014, nom. inval. accepted as Pseudocherleria M.S. Dillenberger & J.W. Kadereit, 2014
- Genus Pseudocherleria M.S. Dillenberger & J.W. Kadereit, 2014
- Genus Pseudosaponaria (F.N. Williams) S.S. Ikonnikov, 1979 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Pseudostellaria Pax in Engler & Prantl, 1934
- Genus Psyllothamnus D. Oliver, 1885
- Genus Pteranthus Forsskål, 1775
- Genus Pycnophyllopsis Skottsberg, 1916
- Genus Pycnophyllum E.J. Remy, 1846
- Genus Queria Linnaeus, 1753 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Rabelera M.T. Sharples & E. Tripp, 2019
- Genus Raynaudetia Bubani, 1901
- Genus Reesia Ewart, 1913 accepted as Polycarpaea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Reicheella Pax in Engler & Prantl, 1900
- Genus Reniostellaria G. Yao, B. Xue & Z. Song in Xue et al., 2023
- Genus Rhodalsine J. Gay, 1845 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Robbairea Boissier, 1867 accepted as Polycarpaea Lamarck, 1792
- Genus Rokejeka Forsskål, 1775
- Genus Sabulina H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1830
- Genus Sagina Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Saginella (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Sanctambrosia Skottsberg in Kuschel, 1962
- Genus Saponaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Schiedea Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1826
- Genus Schischkiniella C.G.G.J. van Steenis, 1967 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Schizotechium (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Schizotechium (E. Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach ex R. Kafle & G. Parmar, 2024 accepted as Schizotechium (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Schmidtia F.W. Sieber, 1813
- Genus Scleranthopsis K.H. Rechinger fil., 1967
- Genus Scleranthus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Sclerocephalus Boissier, 1843
- Genus Scopulophila Jones, 1908
- Genus Scribaea Borkhausen, 1793
- Genus Segetella (Persoon) R.A. Hedwig, 1806
- Genus Segetella Desvaux, 1816
- Genus Selleola Urban, 1930 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Shivparvatia P.K. Pusalkar & D.K. Singh, 2015
- Genus Siebera Hoppe, 1819
- Genus Silenanthe (Fenzl) Grisebach & Schenk, 1852
- Genus Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Silenopsis Willkomm, 1847
- Genus Siphonychia Torrey & A. Gray, 1838 accepted as Paronychia P. Miller, 1754
- Genus Smegmathamnium (Endlicher) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841
- Genus Sofianthe N.N. Tzvelev, 2001
- Genus Solitaria (J. McNeill) S. Sadeghian & S. Zarre, 2015
- Genus Somerauera Hoppe, 1819
- Genus Spanizium Grisebach, 1843
- Genus Spergella H.G.L. Reichenbach in J.C. Mössler, 1827
- Genus Spergula Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Spergularia (Persoon) J.S. Presl & K.B. Presl, 1819
- Genus Spergulastrum A. Michaux, 1803 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Sphaerocoma T. Anderson, 1861
- Genus Stellaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Stellularia J. Hill, 1773 accepted as Stellaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Steris Adanson, 1763
- Genus Stichophyllum R.A. Philippi, 1860
- Genus Stipularia A.H. Haworth, 1812
- Genus Stipulicida A. Michaux, 1803
- Genus Strophium Dulac, 1867
- Genus Telephium Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Terogia Rafinesque, 1837
- Genus Thurya Boissier & Balansa in Boissier, 1856
- Genus Thylacospermum Fenzl in Endlicher, 1840
- Genus Timaeosia Klotzsch & Garcke, 1862
- Genus Tissa Adanson, 1763
- Genus Torreyostellaria G. Yao, B. Xue & Z. Song in Xue et al., 2023
- Genus Triplateia Bartling, 1830
- Genus Tryphane (Fenzl) H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Tunica Ludwig, 1757 accepted as Dianthus Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Tunica F.K. Mertens & W.D.J. Koch, 1831 accepted as Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link, 1831
- Genus Tytthostemma Nevski, 1937 accepted as Stellaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Uebelinia Hochstetter, 1841
- Genus Ussuria N.N. Tzvelev, 2001
- Genus Vaccaria Wolf, 1776 accepted as Gypsophila Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Velezia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Viscago Zinn, 1757
- Genus Viscaria J.J. Bernhardi, 1800 accepted as Silene Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Wahlbergella E.M. Fries, 1843
- Genus Wangerinia Franz, 1908 accepted as Microphyes R.A. Philippi, 1860
- Genus Wierzbickia H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1841 accepted as Minuartia Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Wilhelmsia H.G.L. Reichenbach, 1829
- Genus Willwebera Á. Löve & D. Löve in Á. Löve & E. Kjellqvist, 1974 accepted as Arenaria Linnaeus, 1753
- Genus Wycliffea Ewart & Petrie, 1926
- Genus Xamilenis Rafinesque, 1840
- Genus Xerotia D. Oliver, 1895
- Genus Yazdana A. Pirani & J. Noroozi in Noroozi et al., 2020
- Family Caryophyllales (awaiting allocation)
- Family Chenopodiaceae Ventenat, 1799 accepted as Amaranthaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Didiereaceae Radlkofer, 1896
- Family Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, 1952
- Family Droseraceae Salisbury, 1808
- Family Drosophyllaceae Chrtek, Slavíková & Studnicka, 1989
- Family Frankeniaceae Desvaux, 1817
- Family Gisekiaceae Nakai, 1942
- Family Halophytaceae A. Soriano, 1984
- Family Hectorellaceae Philipson & Skipworth, 1961 accepted as Portulacaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Kewaceae M.J.M. Christenhusz, 2014
- Family Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal, 2005
- Family Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal, 2008
- Family Macarthuriaceae M.J.M. Christenhusz, 2014
- Family Mesembryanthemaceae Philibert, 1801 accepted as Aizoaceae Martinov, 1820
- Family Microteaceae B. Schäferhoff & T. Borsch, 2010
- Family Molluginaceae Bartling, 1825
- Family Montiaceae Rafinesque, 1820
- Family Nepenthaceae Dumortier, 1829
- Family Nyctaginaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Petiveriaceae C.A. Agardh, 1824
- Family Physenaceae Takhtajan, 1985
- Family Phytolacaceae accepted as Phytolaccaceae R. Brown, 1818
- Family Phytolaccaceae R. Brown, 1818
- Family Plumbaginaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Polygonaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Portulacaceae de Jussieu, 1789
- Family Reaumuriaceae Ehrenberg ex Lindley, 1830 accepted as Tamaricaceae Link, 1821
- Family Rhabdodendraceae Prance, 1968
- Family Sarcobataceae Behnke, 1997
- Family Sesuviaceae Horaninow, 1834 accepted as Aizoaceae Martinov, 1820
- Family Simmondsiaceae van Tieghem, 1900
- Family Stegnospermaceae accepted as Stegnospermataceae Nakai, 1942
- Family Stegnospermataceae Nakai, 1942
- Family Talinaceae Doweld, 2001
- Family Tamaricaceae Link, 1821
- Family Tetragoniaceae Lindley, 1836 accepted as Aizoaceae Martinov, 1820
- Order Casuarinales accepted as Fagales
- Order Celastrales
- Order Ceratophyllales
- Order Chloranthales
- Order Circaeasterales accepted as Ranunculales
- Order Cistales accepted as Malvales
- Order Colchicales accepted as Liliales
- Order Commelinales
- Order Cornales
- Order Corylales accepted as Fagales
- Order Crossosomatales
- Order Cucurbitales
- Order Cyclanthales accepted as Pandanales
- Order Cynomoriales accepted as Saxifragales
- Order Cyperales accepted as Poales
- Order Daphniphyllales accepted as Saxifragales
- Order Desfontainiales accepted as Bruniales
- Order Diapensiales accepted as Ericales
- Order Didymelales accepted as Buxales
- Order Dilleniales
- Order Dioscoreales
- Order Dipsacales
- Order Ebenales accepted as Ericales
- Order Ericales
- Order Eriocaulales accepted as Poales
- Order Escalloniales
- Order Eucommiales accepted as Garryales
- Order Euphorbiales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Fabales
- Order Fagales
- Order Francoales accepted as Geraniales
- Order Garryales
- Order Gentianales
- Order Geraniales
- Order Glaucidiales accepted as Ranunculales
- Order Griseliniales accepted as Apiales
- Order Gunnerales
- Order Haemodorales accepted as Commelinales
- Order Haloragales accepted as Saxifragales
- Order Hamamelidales accepted as Saxifragales
- Order Helobiales accepted as Alismatales
- Order Helwingiales accepted as Aquifoliales
- Order Huerteales
- Order Hydatellales accepted as Nymphaeales
- Order Hydrangeales accepted as Cornales
- Order Hydrastidales accepted as Ranunculales
- Order Hydrocharitales accepted as Alismatales
- Order Hydropeltidales accepted as Nymphaeales
- Order Hypericales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Hypoxidales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Icacinales
- Order Illiciales accepted as Austrobaileyales
- Order Iridales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Juglandales accepted as Fagales
- Order Juncaginales accepted as Alismatales
- Order Juncales accepted as Poales
- Order Lamiales
- Order Laurales
- Order Lecythidales accepted as Ericales
- Order Leitneriales accepted as Sapindales
- Order Liliales
- Order Linales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Magnoliales
- Order Magnoliopsida (awaiting allocation)
- Order Malpighiales
- Order Malvales
- Order Melanthiales accepted as Liliales
- Order Metteniusales
- Order Myricales accepted as Fagales
- Order Myrsinales accepted as Ericales
- Order Myrtales
- Order Najadales accepted as Alismatales
- Order Nepenthales accepted as Caryophyllales
- Order Nymphaeales
- Order Ochnales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Oleales accepted as Lamiales
- Order Orchidales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Oxalidales
- Order Pandanales
- Order Papaverales accepted as Ranunculales
- Order Paracryphiales
- Order Parnassiales accepted as Celastrales
- Order Petrosaviales
- Order Picramniales
- Order Piperales
- Order Plantaginales accepted as Lamiales
- Order Plumbaginales accepted as Caryophyllales
- Order Poales
- Order Podostemales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Polygalales accepted as Fabales
- Order Polygonales accepted as Caryophyllales
- Order Primulales accepted as Ericales
- Order Proteales
- Order Rafflesiales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Ranunculales
- Order Restionales accepted as Poales
- Order Rhamnales accepted as Rosales
- Order Rhizophorales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Roridulales accepted as Ericales
- Order Rosales
- Order Rubiales accepted as Gentianales
- Order Rutales accepted as Sapindales
- Order Sabiales accepted as Proteales
- Order Salicales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Santalales
- Order Sapindales
- Order Sarbaicarpales †
- Order Saxifragales
- Order Scrophulariales accepted as Lamiales
- Order Smilacales accepted as Liliales
- Order Solanales
- Order Stemonales accepted as Pandanales
- Order Tamaricales accepted as Caryophyllales
- Order Tecophilaeales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Theales accepted as Ericales
- Order Thymelaeales accepted as Malvales
- Order Toricelliales accepted as Cornales
- Order Trilliales accepted as Liliales
- Order Triuridales accepted as Pandanales
- Order Trochodendrales
- Order Typhales accepted as Poales
- Order Urticales accepted as Rosales
- Order Vahliales
- Order Viburnales accepted as Dipsacales
- Order Violales accepted as Malpighiales
- Order Vitales
- Order Xanthorrhoeales accepted as Asparagales
- Order Zingiberales
- Order Zygophyllales
- Family Archaefructaceae G. Sun, Q. Ji, D.L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, K.C. Nixon & X. Wang, 2002 †
- Family Sinoherbaceae Z.-J. Liu & X. Wang in Liu et al., 2021 †
- Genus Aachenosaurus Smets, 1887 † accepted as Aachenoxylon M. Hovelacque, 1889 †
- Genus Aachenoxylon M. Hovelacque, 1889 †
- Genus Antholithes A.T. Brongniart, 1822 †
- Genus Archaebuda L.-J. Chen & X. Wang, 2022 †
- Genus Ascarinophyllum J. Čepičková & J. Kvaček, 2022 †
- Genus Atrichodendron Gagnepain, 1950
- Genus Barykovia M.G. Moiseeva, 2012 †
- Genus Bergacarpon J. Marmi, B. Gomez, S. Villalba-Breva & C. Martín-Closas, 2012 †
- Genus Bilitalium F. Buchanan-Hamilton, 1807
- Genus Caliciflora E.M. Friis, K.R. Pedersen & P.R. Crane, 2016 †
- Genus Carpestella M. von Balthazar, K.R. Pedersen, P.R. Crane & E.M. Friis, 2008 †
- Genus Catanthus E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane & K.R. Pedersen, 2020 †
- Genus Cavilignum C. Siegert & E.J. Hermsen, 2020 †
- Genus Chainandra G.O. Poinar Jr. & K.L. Chambers, 2020 †
- Genus Covidifructus Z. Heřmanová, J. Čepičková, J. Kvaček, M. von Balthazar & J. Schönenberger, 2022 †
- Genus Cratolirion C. Coifard, N. Kardjilov & M.E.C. Bernardes-de-Oliveira in Coifard et al., 2019 †
- Genus Culmites A.T. Brongniart, 1822 †
- Genus Cyathitepala G.O. Poinar Jr. & K.L. Chambers, 2020 †
- Genus Dilcherifructus X. Wang, 2021 †
- Genus Dillhoffia S.R. Manchester & K.B. Pigg, 2008 †
- Genus Dinganthus X.-D. Liu, J.B. Diez, Y. Fan, Z.-J. Liu & X. Wang, 2020 †
- Genus Elasmostemon E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane, K.R. Pedersen, M.M. Mendes & J. Kvaček, 2022 †
- Genus Endressistemon E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane, K.R. Pedersen, M.M. Mendes & J. Kvaček, 2022 †
- Genus Exogenites A.T. Brongniart, 1822 †
- Genus Fairlingtonia N.A. Jud, 2015 †
- Genus Florigerminis D.-F. Cui, Y. Hou, P. Yin & X. Wang, 2022 †
- Genus Fouldenia J.M. Bannister, D.E. Lee & J.I. Raine 2005 †
- Genus Friisifructus K.K. Tang, S.Y. Smith & B.A. Atkinson, 2023 †
- Genus Gansufructus B. Du in Du et al., 2021 †
- Genus Gansupeltata G.-T. Wu, W.-X. Ren, L. Han, H.-S. Wang, Y.-F. Hua & B.-N. Sun, 2022 †
- Genus Harmsia E. McIver & J.F. Basinger, 1993 † accepted as Mciveriella A.B. Doweld, 2016 †
- Genus Herbifolia A. Frolov & I. Enushchenko, 2022 †
- Genus Honeytheca I.B. Huegele & S.R. Manchester, 2022 †
- Genus Ibericarpus E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane, K.R. Pedersen, M.M. Mendes & J. Kvaček, 2022 †
- Genus Kachaikenia R. Cunéo & M.A. Gandolfo, 2005 †
- Genus Kenilanthus E.M. Friis, K.R. Pedersen & P.R. Crane, 2016 †
- Genus Lingyuananthus X. Wang, 2022 †
- Genus Mciveriella A.B. Doweld, 2016 †
- Genus Menatanthus D. Uhl, K.N. Paudayal & H. El Atfy in Uhl et al., 2020 †
- Genus Nicolia Unger in Endlicher, 1842 †
- Genus Nitaspermum E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane & K.R. Pedersen, 2018 †
- Genus Othniophyton Manchester, Judd & Correa-Narvaez, 2024 †
- Genus Paisia E.M. Friis, M.M. Mendes & K.R. Pedersen, 2018 †
- Genus Phantophlebia G.O. Poinar, Jr. & K.L. Chambers, 2020 †
- Genus Sherwinoxylon A. Boura & G. Saulnier in Boura et al., 2019 †
- Genus Singpuria D. Ramteke, S.R. Manchester & V.D. Nagrale in Ramteke et al., 2020 †
- Genus Strombothelya G.O. Poinar, Jr. & K.L. Chambers, 2019 †
- Genus Tanispermum E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane & K.R. Pedersen, 2018 †
- Genus Thorphyllum R. Cunéo & M.A. Gandolfo, 2005 †
- Genus Tolmania N.L. Edmonds, R.A. Stockey & G.W. Rothwell, 2022 †
- Genus Ubiquitoxylon E.A. Wheeler in Wheeler et al., 2019 †
- Genus Valvidistemon E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane, K.R. Pedersen, M.M. Mendes & J. Kvaček, 2022 †
- Genus Wingia H. Wang & D.L. Dilcher, 2018 †
- Genus Wireroadia X. Zhang, Y. Wang, D.L. Dilcher & S.R. Manchester, 2020 †
- Genus Zlatkovia G.W. Rothwell & R.A. Stockey, 2022 †
- Genus Comoxia Jud, Bradley, Zahnd, Rothwell & Stockey, 2024 †
- Genus Compitoxylon Gentis, De Franceschi & Boura, 2023 †
- Genus Felinanthus Heřmanová, Von Balthazar, Kvaček & Schönenberger, 2024 †
- Genus Nothophylica Beurel, Bachelier, Schmidt & Sadowski, 2024 †
- Genus Pteroheterochrosperma M.A. Smith, D.E. Greenwalt & S.R. Manchester, 2023 †
- Genus Quadrasubulaflora M.A. Smith, D.E. Greenwalt & S.R. Manchester, 2023 †
- Genus Racheliflora E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane & K.R. Pedersen, 2023 †
- Genus Tortorellixylon C.F. Rombola, R.R. Pujana, D.P. Ruiz & E.S. Bellosi, 2023 †
- Genus Xilinia X. Wang, J.B. Diez, M. Pole & M. García-Ávila, 2023 †
- Superclass Gymnospermae
- Genus Alasemenia Wang, Yang, Liu, Zhou, Xu, Qin & Huang, 2024 †
- Genus Bevhalstia C.R. Hill, 1996 †
- Genus Carpolithus E.T. Artis, 1825 †
- Genus Combina A.A. Santos & X. Wang, 2022 †
- Genus Juraherba G. Han, Z. Liu, X. Liu, L. Mao, F.M.B. Jacques & X. Wang, 2016 †
- Genus Muricosperma L.J. Seyfullah & J. Hilton in Seyfullah et al., 2010 †
- Genus Nothodichocarpum G. Han, Z. Liu & X. Wang, 2017 †
- Genus Problematospermum A.I. Turutanova-Ketova in J.A. Orlov, 1963 ex Krassilov, 1973 †
- Genus Qingganninginfructus X. Wang & Sun in Han et al., 2023 †
- Genus Renbernia E.M. Friis, P.R. Crane & K.R. Pedersen, 2022 †
- Genus Shaolinia Wang & Chen, 2024 †
- Genus Xenofructus Fu, Sun, Zheng & Wang, 2024 †
- Genus Xingxueanthus X. Wang & S. Wang, 2010 †
- Genus Yiduxylon D.M. Wang & L. Liu, 2015 †
- Genus Yuhania Z.-J. Liu & X. Wang, 2016 †
- Class Progymnospermopsida †
- Class Pteridophyta/Pteridospermophyta (unclassified foliage) †
- Class Rhyniopsida †
- Class Trimerophytopsida †
- Class Zosterophyllopsida †
- Order Stenokoleales †
- Genus Ahnetia A.-L. Decombeix & J. Galtier, 2017 †
- Genus Aysenoxylon R.R. Pujana, J.E. Bostelmann, R.A. Ugalde, M.P. Riquelme & T. Torres, 2023 †
- Genus Dameria A.-L. Decombeix, B. Meyer-Berthaud, J. Galtier, J.A. Talent & R. Mawson, 2011 †
- Genus Dibracophyton S.-G. Hao, J.-Z. Xue, X. Zhu & D.-M. Wang, 2012 †
- Genus Douaphyton H.-H. Xu, Y. Wang, P. Tang & Y. Wang, 2017 †
- Genus Endogenites A.T. Brongniart, 1822 †
- Genus Flabellopteris R.W. Gess & C. Prestianni, 2021 †
- Genus Franhueberia L.A. Hoffman & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2013 †
- Genus Jowingera M.A. Bickner & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2019 †
- Genus Kenrickia S. Toledo & A.M.F. Tomescu in Toledo et al., 2021 †
- Genus Leptocentroxyla M.A. Bickner & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2019 †
- Genus Macrotaeniopteris W.P. Schimper, 1869 †
- Genus Mosacaulis R.W.J.M. van der Ham & J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert in van der Ham et al., 2011 †
- Genus Nebuloxyla M.A.K. Lalica & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2023 †
- Genus Ninsaria A.-L. Decombeix, J. Galtier, S. McLoughlin & B. Meyer-Berthaud in Decombeix et al., 2019 †
- Genus Oleandridium W.P. Schimper, 1869 †
- Genus Perplexa K.C. Pfeiler & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2023 †
- Genus Petrosjania S.M. Snigirevsky & A.P. Lyubarova, 2023 †
- Genus Planatophyton P. Gerrienne, B. Meyer-Berthaud, N. Yang, P. Steemans & C.-S. Li, 2014 †
- Genus Poacites Schlotheim ex Ballenstedt, 1822 †
- Genus Sporangites J.W. Dawson, 1863 †
- Genus Stenoloboxyla M.A. Bickner & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2019 †
- Genus Taeniopteris A.T. Brongniart, 1828 †
- Genus Tainioxyla M.A. Bickner & A.M.F. Tomescu, 2019 †
- Genus Thursophyton A.G. Nathorst, 1914-1915 †
- Genus Thursophyton A.G. Nathorst ex E.A.N. Arber, 1921 † accepted as Thursophyton A.G. Nathorst, 1914-1915 †
- Genus Tichavekia J. Pšenička, J. Sakala & P. Kraft in Kraft et al., 2019 †
- Genus Tregiovia G. Forte & E. Kustatscher, 2023 †
- Genus Wilhowia P.G. Gensel, 2022 †
- Genus Xadzigacalix A.A. Klymiuk, G.W. Rothwell & R.A. Stockey, 2022 †
- Genus Xinhangia J.-N. Yang & D.-M. Wang, 2022 †
- Genus Yabeiella S. Ôishi, 1931 †
- Phylum Vendophyta † accepted as Algae incertae sedis
- Class Nematophyceae † accepted as Nematophyta †
- Kingdom Protista accepted as Protozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Kingdom Viruses
| |